During the post-enlightenment period in the West, utilitarian ethics as normative ethics were to form the blueprint for the long desired social justice in the West and philosophers consider it as the background of the modern moral philosophy. Lord Hastings set the scene with a thought-provoking talk on WHAT are we talking about, when we talk about human rights, in this era of digitisation, when most consequential decision are (soon to be) made by computers? The study of ethics focuses on human relationships and what is considered morally correct in human behaviors. The rights ethical approach assumes that it is the moral and professional responsibility of the management and its company to consider the safety of workers and provide them with appropriate protection against any form of physical or psychological harm. Shoemaker, D. (1999). Honest action never possess hidden intentions and it remains perfectly controlled by innate emotions towards doing the right to others and justice to ourselves. Explosive gas methane and carbon monoxide elongated the rescue time. The justice theory is one of the business ethics theories that are critical to mistreatment and injustice treatments of persons especially in organizations. Rights ethics is an answer to the meta-ethical question of what normative ethics is concerned with (Meta-ethics also includes a group of questions about how ethics comes to be known, true, etc. Caring is normative and all about intrinsically willing to support individuals and their needs while understanding that mutual understanding is paramount to mutual beneficence (Robertson & Walter, 2007). 2.1 The Means Justify the Ends versus the Ends Justify the Means According to Robertson and Walter (2007), the utilitarian moral theory can remain assessable through “clarity, coherence, comprehensiveness, simplicity, explanatory power, justificatory power, output power, and practicality” (p.2). February 6, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/business-ethics-utilitarianism-rights-justice-caring-and-virtue-theories/. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that determines right from wrong by focusing on outcomes. Stuart Mill “viewed the maximization of some form of eudemonic happiness as the source of the good” (Robertson & Walter, 2007, p.1). Jose Pavon AC1403380 Business Ethics C06.V.9.1 Assignment 4 C061 3/3/15 A right is encouraged by principles of justice and constitutes the legal and institutional order regulating human behavior in society. It is the only moral … Natural Rights Theory, the view that morality comes from people’s basic rights, is more like that. Business Ethics: Utilitarianism, Rights, Justice, Caring, and Virtue theories Essay Introduction. A critical reflection on utilitarianism as the basis for psychiatric ethics. Management teams should be virtuous so that their actions and regulations that they develop do not contradict the real meaning of ethical leadership. Business Ethics: Utilitarianism, Rights, Justice, Caring, and Virtue theories, Doreen Massey’s Concept of a Global Sense of Place, Social Networks and Economic Applications, Analysis of Gender Inequalities in the Workplace, Rescue Operation for Trapped Chilean Miners, Philosophy of Nursing and Caring Practice: Jean Watson’s Caring Model, Top Builders Group and caring about employees, The Global Corporation and Social Responsibility: Multinational Decision Making and International Values, The Business of Business is to Make Profit: Critical Analysis. The mining company used certain cars to ferry miners in and out of the mine entrance during the shift reshuffling. The ways we conduct business are somehow expected to be different than our normal interactions. Although the risk was unforeseen, there was even no enough workplace material including oxygen tanks that are essential workplace safety tools. Furthermore, evolving issues of presence of adaptive preferences that sometime deem uncontrollable as people accept such preferences due to low expectations presents a significant challenge to establish the basis of utilitarianism (Robertson & Walter, 2007). The welfare of the workers in the Upper Big Branch had long been a subject of confrontation with the government mines and safety body (MSHA) that indicated the presence of a series of previous safety violations and uncared for fatalities. Although less understood and more often misinterpreted by researchers while determining its relationship with the business practice following its complication in implementing it to business real, it carries significant value. On regulation, the GBI released a briefing with Clifford Chance earlier this year. The issue of government procurement can also be seen as an international trade concern. The company was faulty in failing to ensure that its business practices followed federal state regulations and ethical business standards that intended to protect the welfare of the employees. This essay on Business Ethics: Utilitarianism, Rights, Justice, Caring, and Virtue theories was written and submitted by your fellow student. Privileges involve individuals’ autonomy and diplomacy towards actions against themselves. Journal of Ethics in Mental Health, 2(1), 1-4. Ethical theories depend on what is right and wrong and the end result of the action. Lack of these essential safety precautions underscores a violation of safety requirements and the 2011 was a similar breach to safety principles as they undermined the employee’s justice. Robertson, M., & Walter, G. (2007). Ethical Egoism: The ethical egoism is a teleological theory that posits, an action is good if it produces or is likely to produce results that maximize the person’s self-interest as defined by him, even at the expense of others. The principle of rights theory is the idea that in order for a society to be successful government must approach the making and enforcement of laws with the right intentions in respect to the end goals of the society that it governs. This aspect contrasted the notion of ethical business practices that percepts that organizations should undertake their businesses morally by ensuring that they preserve justice, employee freedom, and safeguard human dignity (Ciulla, 2004). Stuart Mill further comprehended the utilitarian idea by explaining that cultural, intellectual, and even spiritual pleasures are more valuable than the physical pleasures. Human approach towards anticipation for maximizing of pleasure and elimination of suffering and pain brings about the fundamentals established in the realm of moral philosophies that date back to a distant past (Robertson & Walter, 2007). Laws are rules that must be obeyed, both voluntarily and involuntarily, whereas ethics are voluntary. Attention to rights ensures that the freedom and well-being of each individual will be protected when others threaten that freedom or well-being. Rights-based ethics is a concept that because one is a human being that person is entitled to certain rights. The company proved less considerate towards its workers and this aspect constitutes unethical business practices guided by self-interest as opposed to the mutual dependence between the company and workers engaged in the mines. However, it is important to consider the logical reasoning that resulted in the formation of the care theory that most probably outdoes all other business ethics theories. Ethical leadership should consider the fundamental rights, freedom, and protection of employees as an integral issue in the company and take it as a moral responsibility not due to coercion. Posted by AnaMaria | Sep 15, 2019 | Events | 0. Carefulness in business practice is one of the business principles considered essential in the moral philosophy. Employers and especially leaders who engage directly with workers and understand their sentiments and problems have the moral obligation of workplace duty of care to protect the welfare of employees. The original utilitarian notion emerged from the philosophical works of philosophers and economists Jeremy Bentham and his colleague John Stuart Mill in the (1748-1832) and they aimed at developing a hedonistic view of utilitarianism (Robertson & Walter, 2007). This is IvyPanda's free database of academic paper samples. The theory of care postulates that individuals should relate within the ethics of care where moral significant and individual ethical behavior are fundamental elements of building dependencies and relationships in human life (Noda, 2011). The protection of workers as per the formal labor regulations in the US and the rights ethical principles are solely the responsibility of the employer whilst employees are in the course of duty (Noda, 2011). Utilitarianism holds that the most ethical choice is the one that will produce the greatest good for the greatest number. The rescue teams did little to contain the situation as it forced them to enter the mine in turns. IvyPanda. Finally, on recognising the need for internal approaches (as opposed to external regulation), the GBI launched a new tool last year, the Business Practice Portal. 6 February. Copyright © 2020 - IvyPanda is a trading name of Edustream Technologies LLC, a company registered in Wyoming, USA. An ethics of care from an unificationist perspective. According to Bentham, man should be capable of living a life of pleasure with minimal suffering and that which only seems impossible to avoid. Justice and fairness entail treating individuals with the desired dignity and equity, something that the Massey Company and its Upper Big Branch undermined. Despite advice, there were cracks and faults running through the mine walls that predisposed workers to workplace risks. We will write a custom Essay on Business Ethics: Utilitarianism, Rights, Justice, Caring, and Virtue theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page. which is not directly addressed by rights ethics). Also known as fairness ethical business practice, it condemns acts of prejudice, favoritism, isolation, segregation, and unfair compensation among workers. The case of death in Massey’s Energy Company represents considerable lapses in business ethics experienced in the company in which management was responsible. (2019) 'Business Ethics: Utilitarianism, Rights, Justice, Caring, and Virtue theories'. "Business Ethics: Utilitarianism, Rights, Justice, Caring, and Virtue theories." It builds the intrinsic motivation of unforced and voluntary care for those in the vulnerable groups and desperately dependent on us (Noda, 2011). More generally, we are reviewing five theories that provide the ethical building blocks you can use in your classroom to debrief any ethical dilemma. Rights In ethical theories based on rights, the rights established by a society are protected and given the highest priority. professional specifically for you? Although no ethical framework is perfect or fits a particular era completely, Rawls’s justice theory has distinct advantages when applied to business in the twenty-first century. This was followed by a talk by Doug Specht, on the link between human rights mapping (understood in a wide sense) and surveillance. (2019, February 6). The Long Road to Business and Human Rights Reform: Law, Policy and Social Justice in the Cotton Fields of Uzbekistan; Dr. For instance, an employee should be free from exploitation or corporeal punishment imposed on his/her payments. Business Ethics Quarterly, 20(4), 559-581. Massey practiced its business in breach of the employees’ justice. Please click here to access the programme. 2. Although little equipped with oxygen tanks and masks, the tanks possessed little oxygen that limited the required air supply. For a natural rights theorist, morally permissible actions are ones that respect rights, and morally impermissible actions are ones that violate rights. The conclusion was, all stakeholders have a critical role to play – not one group, however powerful or diligent, can tackle the human rights challenge alone. In the conclusion of their investigations, the Federal Department of Justice Settlement and the MSHA unveiled a report that indicated that although enforceable, the disaster was just a simple avertable coal dust explosion. ⏰ Let's see if we can help you! The right of individuals or organizations to express opinions or share information freely in written medium. The right to express ideas or opinions with freedom as an individual. Business ethics theories include the moral principles or codes a company implements to ensure that all individuals working in the company act with acceptable behavior. From the government investigations concluded in 2011 under the government arm, Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), persistent safety violations had plagued Massey’s Upper Big Branch for quite sometime before that tragedy. Arnold et al. Business Ethics: Utilitarianism, Rights, Justice, Caring, and Virtue theories. Individuals may also bestow rights upon others if they have the ability and resources to do so. The theories of business ethics can be divided into two categories: 1. Deontological theories. The database is updated daily, so anyone can easily find a relevant essay example. Many firms also havedetailed codes of conduct, developed and enforced by teams of ethicsand compliance personnel. Compensatory justice entails employees or members of a certain society receive compensatory benefits in the most justifiable manner and not in any form of favoritism or preferential treatment over the workers involved in any tragedy. Business ethics is a broad field because there are so many different topics that fall under its umbrella. Basing its principles on normative ethical standards, the ethical decision making process seems quite straightforward. Retributive or corrective justice means that organizational members receive punishment or correction in a fair and justified manner and organizations should punish members depending on the set rules and regulations, but not on biased terms. (2010) posit, “Justice is all about the positive obligation to prevent and rectify injustice as well as the negative duty not to commit injustice” (p. 567). Contemporary theorists, who consider caring theory as the most appropriate approach in business ethics, have noticed that since justice, rights, and utility all come from laws and regulations, which should be impartial or impersonal, they undermine the self-dependency of ethical behavior, which should be solely innate (Noda, 2011). A deadening explosion had cleaved through the underground coalmine and unfortunately trapped an unidentified number of shift miners inside the mine. As Shoemaker (1999) postulates, growth in the legal frameworks governing societies, communities, and even nations have resulted in considerable influences on how corporate business view legal issues. Government reports indicated that Massey Energy Company had received several warnings, almost 50 times in the prior month alone, over violation of employee workplace safety. This work is the outcome of a pilot project on business and human rights in countries where no National Action Plans exist for implementing the UN Guiding Principles. John Locke (1632 - 1704) Based off the principles and beliefs of John Locke, a 17 th century English philosopher, Locke’s Rights Ethics is one of the four major ethical theories that has shaped today’s society. Recent work in ethical theory and its implications for business ethics. © Copyright ‘2020’ by Dr Ana-Maria Pascal - Website designed by Luca Morelli. In the world of business, the study of moral rights and obligations as they apply to companies … Before the occurrence of the tragedy, the federal government claimed that the company had already received warning more than fifty times in the previous month alone and many of the Massey Energy’s coal companies had poor safety records. Business ethics involve following business principles that entail morality in leadership as well as in several other aspects of businesses. Developed by the feminist ethicists, the subject of ethics of care is increasingly becoming essential with human social and professional relationships. Retrieved from https://ivypanda.com/essays/business-ethics-utilitarianism-rights-justice-caring-and-virtue-theories/. Ciulla (2004) assumes that since people can barely foresee the repercussions of their actions, moral judgment should entail proper application of moral principles and not upon the contingency of outcomes. IvyPanda. Alternative meta-ethical theories are that ethics is concerned with one of the following: Duties ; Value ; … The Massey Energy Company owned numerous mining companies across the United States. Employees should enjoy favorable working conditions and companies should never subject employees to any form of humiliation at the expense of corporate gain (Arnold et al., 2010). Similar to the ethics of care in business professional practices, virtue business ethics is a broad business theory that focuses on the character of the moral behavior of individuals rather than the rightness of the intended actions. Ethical behaviour of people doing business is very important in our society. Utilitarianism and personal identity. Previous records in 2006 indicated similar problems at the company. IvyPanda. You’re used to rights-talk from legal discussions. Although all the workers underwent similar situations as from the development of the story, exposing workers of organizations to hazardous working situations entails a considerable breach to denied justice. Immunity is the right over individual normative situation. Cases of ethical lapses are still on the rise, and thus developing an understanding of the issues in the context of decent business practices is becoming essential. Teleological theories, and . The afternoon session focused on the role of governments in supporting human rights. Any action against employees’ expectations and desires conducted by organizations is injustice. Utilitarianism empathizes that proper cause of action is the one responsible for maximizing utility or efficiency and philosophers like GE Moore insisted that no one could formulate a true conception of good. This perception brings understanding of the development of the care theory and its principles, which have been paramount in the context of business ethics and its real meaning to the welfare of employees and success of organizations. These rights are natural rights and conventional rights as created by the society in which that person lives in. Violating the business principles that protect employees’ welfare was a lack of care. February 6, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/business-ethics-utilitarianism-rights-justice-caring-and-virtue-theories/. For full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable JavaScript. The project is a good example of multi-stakeholder collaboration, and Dr Voiculescu explained the role of government, foreign and local companies, the World Bank, domestic finance and labour in the supply chains in Uzbekistan, and the resulting intricacies in on-going efforts to reduce child labour in the country. The ethics of care stipulate that individuals should be capable of, if necessary, meeting the demands of others and themselves in a mutual rapport. Justice and fair practice should entail a relationship between employees and employers that include permissibility of important secrets in business-related negotiations (Robertson & Walter, 2007). In other words, the law is a set of rules to resolve conflicts within a society. Please click here to access the programme, briefing with Clifford Chance earlier this year, Business Ethics and Human Rights, from Theory to Practice, A feast of a debate on business and human rights. Doing what is right is obeying your duties and the rule that guide a business. She explained how, compared to 10 and 5 years ago, companies are now much more committed to go deeper with their due diligence and integrate human rights into their key decision-making process (e.g. Rights-based ethics is centered around the idea that people possess certain rights merely by virtue of being born human. This workshop will address the question of what works, in practice, to increase corporate accountability and support for human rights. Last time, we talked about the Utilitarian Approach to ethical decision-making. In organizations, this ethical approach holds that justice may be in the form of distributive justice, retributive justice, or even compensatory justice all in which social justice and equal dignity are core subjects. After Bentham, Stewart, and Moore, successive economist-driven philosophers concluded that the ultimate good of utilitarianism should entail satisfaction of preferences and people should choose their own intrinsic value. According to Locke, every person has a set of fundamental rights that they are entitled to … 2. The notion of ethical business practices has led to the formation of theories including the utilitarian theory, rights theory, justice theory, caring theory, and virtues theory, which have since been integral in the understanding of business ethics. Virtue ethics assume that morally virtuous leaders tend to reason appropriately and their actions remain governed by their critical reasoning to consequentiality of the outcomes. Noda, K. (2011). Your email address will not be published. "Business Ethics: Utilitarianism, Rights, Justice, Caring, and Virtue theories." On this day, nine of the shift miners had just managed to come out of the cars and while walking towards the exit end of the mine, they heard a loud blast of air blow past them. Although justice theory and its principles may focus entirely on the relationship between workers and the way an organization ensures equity amongst them, looking at the direct relationship between the miners and the Massey Company is integral. It was the duty of care for the employer of Massey to protect and care for the miners drilling oil. Journal of Unification Studies, 12(1), 41-56. (2004). With regard to the case of Massey and its Upper Big Branch, there might not be considerable connection that directly explains this relationship.

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