According to Williams, philosophers and theologians such as Thomas Dick suggested that the "best place to discover the true attributes of deity was in Nature." His earliest encounters, during his childhood in Wisconsin, were with Winnebago Indians, who begged for food and stole his favorite horse. [20]:36, In 1863, his brother Daniel left Wisconsin and moved to Southern Ontario (then known as Canada West in the United Canadas), to avoid the draft during the U.S. Civil War. One day's exposure to mountains is better than a cartload of books. Mighetto, L., ed. He returned to the hills to recover, climbing Mount Rainier in Washington and writing Ascent of Mount Rainier. The Sierra Club was active in the successful campaign to transfer Yosemite National Park from state to federal control in 1906. His family immigrated to the United States in 1849. "[31]:53, Williams notes that Muir's philosophy and world view rotated around his perceived dichotomy between civilization and nature. [54]:45, However, Muir took his journal entries further than recording factual observations. John Muir was a Scottish-American writer, lecturer and an early influencer for nature, geology, wildlife and more. This book goes beyond detailing Muir's life, and gives a cultural and political context to events that impacted Muir and were in turn effected by Muir's environmental activism. His first 11 years were spent in Dunbar, Scotland. "[31]:53 Emerson spent one day with Muir, and he offered him a teaching position at Harvard, which Muir declined. In 1880, after he returned from a trip to Alaska, Muir and Strentzel married. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); Subscribe to the Biography newsletter to receive stories about the people who shaped our world and the stories that shaped their lives. [60], In A Thousand-Mile Walk to the Gulf, Muir stereotyped African Americans as "well trained" but "making a great deal of noise and doing little work. He held a strong connection with his birthplace and Scottish identity throughout his life and was frequently heard talking about his childhood spent amid the East Lothian countryside. John Muir lived from 21 April 1838 to 24 December 1914. Pursuit of his love of science, especially geology, often occupied his free time. Upon regaining his sight, he fully embraced his devotion to nature and walked from Indiana to Florida, creating detailed sketches of the terrain. At the age of eleven, his family emigrated to Wisconsin in the United States in 1849. It has more than 11,000 members internationally. He came to believe that God was always active in the creation of life and thereby kept the natural order of the world. [17] Stephen Fox recounts that Muir's father found the Church of Scotland insufficiently strict in faith and practice, leading to their immigration and joining a congregation of the Campbellite Restoration Movement, called the Disciples of Christ. He traveled into British Columbia a third of the way up the Stikine River, likening its Grand Canyon to "a Yosemite that was a hundred miles long". Edwin Way Teale, The Wilderness World of John Muir (1954), provides an introduction to Muir and a selection of his writings. Senger and San Francisco attorney Warren Olney sent out invitations "for the purpose of forming a 'Sierra Club.' In 1871, Muir discovered an active alpine glacier below Merced Peak, which helped his theories gain acceptance. Muir often referred to himself as a "disciple" of Thoreau. One energetic white man, working with a will, would easily pick as much cotton as half a dozen Sambos and Sallies." [44], In July 1896, Muir became associated with Gifford Pinchot, a national leader in the conservation movement. ", "Theatre review: Thank God for John Muir", U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Muir Inlet, "Historic Resource Study for Muir Woods National Monument", "Dunbar Primary School: About Our School", "About the John Muir Birthplace Charitable Trust", 'The inventions, though of little importance, opened all doors for me': John Muir's Years as an Inventor, "John Muir and the Modern Passion for Nature", National Register of Historic Places in Yosemite National Park. Muir left school and travelled to the same region in 1864, and spent the spring, summer, and fall exploring the woods and swamps, and collecting plants around the southern reaches of Lake Huron's Georgian Bay. [20]:33 As a result, Muir received a diploma and a monetary award for his handmade clocks and thermometer. His early encounters with the Paiute in California left him feeling ambivalent after seeing their lifestyle, which he described as "lazy" and "superstitious". Dist. He sung the glory of nature like another Psalmist, and, as a true artist, was unashamed of his emotions. "Daily he rose at 4:30 o'clock, and after a simple cup of coffee labored incessantly. John Muir ( / mjʊər / MEWR; April 21, 1838 – December 24, 1914) also known as "John of the Mountains" and "Father of the National Parks ", was an influential Scottish-American naturalist, author, environmental philosopher, botanist, zoologist, glaciologist, and early advocate for the preservation of wilderness in the United States of America. Miller writes that what was most important about his writings was not their quantity, but their "quality". He saw a ship, the Island Belle, and learned it would soon be sailing for Cuba. In 1892 he founded the Sierra Club. [54]:41 His nature writings became a "synthesis of natural theology" with scripture that helped him understand the origins of the natural world. Muir eventually memorized three-quarters of the Old Testament and all of the New Testament. This page was last edited on 12 January 2021, at 08:26. MUIR, JOHN, coal-master, farmer, sawmill operator, and politician; b. Linnie M. Wolfe, Son of the Wilderness: The Life of John Muir (1945), is an admiring biography. John Muir (1918–1977) was a structural engineer who worked for National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), who "dropped out," 1960s-style, to become a writer and long-haired car mechanic with a garage in Taos, New Mexico, specializing in maintenance and repair of Volkswagens. John Muir was born in Dunbar, Scotland, on April 21, 1838. This notion was in stark contradiction to the accepted contemporary theory, promulgated by Josiah Whitney (head of the California Geological Survey), which attributed the formation of the valley to a catastrophic earthquake. "[54]:46 Williams concludes that Muir saw nature as a great teacher, "revealing the mind of God," and this belief became the central theme of his later journeys and the "subtext" of his nature writing. As a boy, Muir was “fond of everything that was wild” (My Boyhood and Youth 30) and took great pleasure in the outdoors. Muir was the first person honored with a California commemorative day when legislation signed in 1988 created John Muir Day, effective from 1989 onward. "[54]:45 He often described his observations in terms of light. The fight to preserve Hetch Hetchy Valley was also taken up by the Sierra Club, with some prominent San Francisco members opposing the fight. [49]:43, The value of their friendship was first disclosed by a friend of Carr's, clergyman and writer G. Wharton James. 1985. Williams notes that the observations he recorded amounted to a description of "the sublimity of Nature," and what amounted to "an aesthetic and spiritual notebook." [66] Although Muir was a loyal, dedicated husband, and father of two daughters,"his heart remained wild," writes Marquis. John Muir played many roles in his life: mystic, prophet, author, poet, conservationist, radical, all of which helped him succeed in his role as an advocate for Nature. Seeing it for the first time, Muir notes that "He was overwhelmed by the landscape, scrambling down steep cliff faces to get a closer look at the waterfalls, whooping and howling at the vistas, jumping tirelessly from flower to flower. [54]:41 As a result, Muir "styled himself as a John the Baptist," adds Williams, "whose duty was to immerse in 'mountain baptism' everyone he could. Roosevelt's successor, William Howard Taft, suspended the Interior Department's approval for the Hetch Hetchy right-of-way. But the young Muir was a "restless spirit" and especially "prone to lashings. Historical marker at the Epping Lookout, Meaford, Ontario. [53]:321, Muir believed that to discover truth, he must turn to what he believed were the most accurate sources. He eventually sailed to Cuba, New York and Panama, ultimately making his way to San Francisco. [49]:2, Muir was often invited to the Carrs' home; he shared Jeanne's love of plants. Engberg, Robert and Donald Wesling, 1999. John Muir was an early American conservationist who has been called "The Father of the National Parks System." Muir passionately opposed the damming of Hetch Hetchy Valley because he found Hetch Hetchy as stunning as Yosemite Valley. Early Life John Muir was born April 21, 1838, in Dunbar, Scotland. Edwin Way Teale, The Wilderness World of John Muir (1954), provides an introduction to Muir and a selection of his writings. One of the best Naturalists of all time! [58] Ecofeminist philosopher Carolyn Merchant has criticized Muir, believing that he wrote disparagingly of the Native Americans he encountered in his early explorations. [20]:40–41 In 1878, Muir served as a guide and artist for the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, on the "Survey of the 39th Parallel" across the Great Basin of Nevada and Utah.[27][28]. The family settled in Wisconsin where Muir studied the Bible and worked the family farm. He proved valuable to his employers because of his inventiveness in improving the machines and processes; he was promoted to supervisor, being paid $25 per week. "[51] In the opinion of Enos Mills, a contemporary who established Rocky Mountain National Park, Muir's writings would "likely to be the most influential force in this century. John Muir arrived in San Francisco in late March 1868. [26]:56 Afterwards, he sailed to New York City and booked passage to California. As the most iconic figure in Sierra Club history, Muir’s words and actions carry an especially heavy weight. VP over firing of Trauma Director for letter questioning county health orders Muir is one of three people so honored in California, along with Harvey Milk Day and Ronald Reagan Day. "[55]:57 Muir also saw nature as his own home, as when he wrote friends and described the Sierra as "God's mountain mansion." [45], Their friendship ended late in the summer of 1897 when Pinchot released a statement to a Seattle newspaper supporting sheep grazing in forest reserves. Muir lived with the Trout family in an area called Trout Hollow, south of Meaford, on the Bighead River. His family emigrated to Wisconsin in 1849 to work a series of hardscrabble farms under the direction of a religious zealot father, whose fire and brimstone was tempered by a loving and good humored mother. Muir became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1903. "As a dreamer and activist, his eloquent words changed the way Americans saw their mountains, forests, seashores, and deserts," said nature writer Gretel Ehrlich. "[15] Soon after he returned to the Oakland area, he was introduced by Jeanne Carr to Louisa Strentzel, daughter of a prominent physician and horticulturist with a 2,600-acre (11 km2) fruit orchard in Martinez, California, northeast of Oakland. Muir later wrote, "I never for a moment thought of giving up God's big show for a mere profship! Muir wrote in 1872, "No amount of word-making will ever make a single soul to 'know' these mountains. He served as its first president, a position he held until his death in 1914. As early as 1876, he urged the federal government to adopt a forest conservation policy through articles published in popular periodicals. Scottish engineer John Logie Baird made the first mechanical television, which was able to transmit pictures of objects in motion. [12]:76 Muir took an eclectic approach to his studies, attending classes for two years but never being listed higher than a first-year student due to his unusual selection of courses. [9] "Muir has profoundly shaped the very categories through which Americans understand and envision their relationships with the natural world," writes Holmes.[10]. [57], Muir biographer Steven Holmes notes that Muir used words like "glory" and "glorious" to suggest that light was taking on a religious dimension: "It is impossible to overestimate the importance of the notion of glory in Muir's published writings, where no other single image carries more emotional or religious weight,"[10]:178 adding that his words "exactly parallels its Hebraic origins," in which biblical writings often indicate a divine presence with light, as in the burning bush or pillar of fire, and described as "the glory of God. He was also the first to study color blindness. According to author William Anderson, Muir exemplified "the archetype of our oneness with the earth",[11] while biographer Donald Worster says he believed his mission was "saving the American soul from total surrender to materialism. He was a distant relative of the naturalist John Muir. "[51]:29 His secretary, Marion Randall Parsons, also noted that "composition was always slow and laborious for him. The following places are named after Muir: John Muir was featured on two U.S. commemorative postage stamps. They continue to hurt and alienate Indigenous people and people of color who come into contact with the Sierra Club. During those years, Muir and Carr continued corresponding. Born on April 21, 1838 in Dunbar, Scotland, John Muir immigrated to the United States with his family when he was 11 years old. John Muir, also known as the ‘Father of National Parks’, was a famous American conservationist, writer, naturalist and explorer, who promoted the conservation of wildlife in the United States of America and around the world. He made derogatory comments about Black people and Indigenous peoples that drew on deeply harmful racist stereotypes, though his views evolved later in his life. According to Williams, he speculated that the world was an unchanging entity that was interpreted by the brain through the senses, and, writes Muir, "If the creator were to bestow a new set of senses upon us ... we would never doubt that we were in another world ..."[54]:43 While doing his studies of nature, he would try to remember everything he observed as if his senses were recording the impressions, until he could write them in his journal. However, three days after accepting the job at Hodgson's, Muir almost died of a malarial sickness. ... Muir's writings and enthusiasm were the chief forces that inspired the movement. John Muir was born April 21, 1838, in Dunbar, Scotland. His letters, essays, and books describing his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevada, have been read by millions. Born on April 21, 1838 in Dunbar, Scotland, John Muir immigrated to the United States with his family when he was 11 years old. John Muir was born on April 21, 1838 in the small rural town of Dunbar, Scotland. A fellow student plucked a flower from the tree and used it to explain how the grand locust is a member of the pea family, related to the straggling pea plant. Even before they entered the park, he was able to convince Roosevelt that the best way to protect the valley was through federal control and management. The Sierra Club, which he co-founded, is a prominent American conservation organization. Muir threw himself into the preservationist role with great vigor. He considered not only the mountains as home, however, as he also felt a closeness even to the smallest objects: "The very stones seem talkative, sympathetic, brotherly. "[25] The primary aim of Muir's nature philosophy, writes Wilkins, was to challenge mankind's "enormous conceit," and in so doing, he moved beyond the Transcendentalism of Emerson to a "biocentric perspective on the world". [37] Muir, Mr. Young (Fort Wrangell missionary) and a group of Native American Guides first traveled to Alaska in 1879 and were the first Euro-Americans[38] to explore Glacier Bay. The valley, with its dramatic granite cliffs and majestic waterfalls, touched Muir deeply and he found it difficult to leave. After showing his inventions at the state Fair, Muir attended the University of Wisconsin during the early 1860s. Folsom House, where Muir worked as a printer, is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The two men debated their positions in popular magazines, such as Outlook, Harper's Weekly, Atlantic Monthly, World's Work, and Century. It has been designated a National Historic Landmark. "[51]:33, Miller speculates that Muir recycled his earlier writings partly due to his "dislike of the writing process." Further Reading on John Muir. "[51], California celebrates John Muir Day on April 21 each year. One evening in early January 1868, Muir climbed onto the Hodgson house roof to watch the sunset. Even Muir acknowledged the need for timber and the forests to provide it, but Pinchot's view of wilderness management was more resource-oriented. During his lifetime John Muir published over 300 articles and 12 books. JOHN MUIR . His views eventually clashed with Muir's and highlighted two diverging views of the use of the country's natural resources. "[50]:87–88, Muir's friend, zoologist Henry Fairfield Osborn, writes that Muir's style of writing did not come to him easily, but only with intense effort. As the years passed, he became a "fixture in the valley," respected for his knowledge of natural history, his skill as a guide, and his vivid storytelling. In 1873 and 1874, he made field studies along the western flank of the Sierra on the distribution and ecology of isolated groves of Giant Sequoia. Osborn notes that he preferred using the simplest English language, and therefore admired above all the writings of Carlyle, Emerson and Thoreau. At one meeting in the fall of 1895 that included Muir, Joseph LeConte, and William R. Dudley, the Sierra Club discussed the idea of establishing 'national forest reservations', which were later called National Forests. As a result, his writings were to become "prophecy, for [they] sought to change our angle of vision. [16], In 1849, Muir's family immigrated to the United States, starting a farm near Portage, Wisconsin, called Fountain Lake Farm. One source appears to indicate he worked at the mill/factory until the summer of 1865,[20]:37 while another says he stayed on at Trout Hollow until after a fire burned it down in February 1866. He’s also known as an honorary public figure for advocating the conservation of wildlife from the mid 1800s to the early 1900s. [49]:1 During the next three years while a student at the University of Wisconsin, he was befriended by Carr and her husband, Ezra, a professor at the same university. John Muir (21 April 1838 – 24 December 1914) was an influential Scottish-born American naturalist, author, environmental philosopher, glaciologist, writer, and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United States. Muir among the animals: The wildlife writings of John Muir. [20]:174 Throughout his many years as a nature writer, Muir frequently rewrote and expanded on earlier writings from his journals, as well as articles published in magazines. Muir came to trust Carr as his "spiritual mother," and they remained friends for 30 years. As a result, his writings are commonly discussed in books and journals, and he has often been quoted by nature photographers such as Ansel Adams. Up there," pointing towards the Sierra Nevada, "is my home. He went into business for 10 years with his father-in-law managing the orchards on the family 2600 acre farm in Martinez, California. John Muir Books, John Muir Biography, John Muir Quotes, Books by John Muir, John Muir's Biography, John Muir poems, John Muir facts, Read John Muir books Free Online, Read John Muir ebooks Online, John Muir Cruise of the Revenue-Steamer Corwin in Alaska and the N.W. https://www.biography.com/scholar/john-muir. The development of Muir's ideas and character is surveyed in Herbert F. Smith, John Muir (1965). John James Audubon was an American ornithologist, naturalist and artist known for his studies and detailed illustrations of North American birds. [73][74], Mountain Days, a 2000 musical by Craig Bohmler and Mary Bracken Phillips, celebrates Muir's life and was performed annually in a custom-built amphitheater in Muir's adult hometown of Martinez, California. All the other torches were lighted from his. [26]:265 His friend, Henry Fairfield Osborn, observed that as a result of his religious upbringing, Muir retained "this belief, which is so strongly expressed in the Old Testament, that all the works of nature are directly the work of God. After years of national debate, Taft's successor Woodrow Wilson signed the bill authorizing the dam into law on December 19, 1913. ... an American pioneer, an American hero. [13] In his autobiography, he described his boyhood pursuits, which included fighting, either by re-enacting romantic battles from the Wars of Scottish Independence or just scrapping on the playground, and hunting for birds' nests (ostensibly to one-up his fellows as they compared notes on who knew where the most were located). He greatly admired the works of Thomas Carlyle and poetry of Robert Burns; he was known to carry a collection of poems by Burns during his travels through the American wilderness. Although he spent the majority of his life in America, Muir never forgot his roots in Scotland. When gold was discovered in Georgia in 1828, settlers wanted the Cherokee land. Muir and Hudson Stuck are honored with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America on April 22. [57], Muir was given the Stickeen (Muir's spelling, coastal tribe) name "Ancoutahan", meaning "adopted chief". A large earthquake centered near Lone Pine in Owens Valley strongly shook occupants of Yosemite Valley in March 1872. This book is for children, ages 8–12, and ideal for use in the grade school curriculum. [8] Muir's biographer, Steven J. Holmes, believes that Muir has become "one of the patron saints of twentieth-century American environmental activity," both political and recreational. It was "through his letters to her that he developed a voice and purpose." [39] Muir recorded over 300 glaciers along the river's course.[40]. "[15] He later returned to Yosemite and worked as a shepherd for a season. His letters, essays, and books telling of his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevada of California, have been read by millions. [14]:25,37 Author Amy Marquis notes that he began his "love affair" with nature while young, and implies that it may have been in reaction to his strict religious upbringing. "[10]:179[57]:115[55]:24, Muir often used the term "home" as a metaphor for both nature and his general attitude toward the "natural world itself," notes Holmes. [105], Scottish-born American naturalist and author, This article is about the Scottish-American naturalist. "Preserving "God's Wildness" for Redemptive Baptism: Muir and Disciples of Christ Theology," in. He also agreed to use his influence to introduce a bill to Congress to make the Yosemite area into a national park, modeled after Yellowstone National Park. In the new century he continued to make history with his 1903 three-night camping trip with Theodore Roosevelt, which helped shape the U.S. president’s own conservationist policies. Today the club has over 2.4 million members. Refresh this page to see various historical events that occurred during John's lifetime . The importance of Carr, who continually gave Muir reassurance and inspiration, "cannot be overestimated," adds Gisel. In 2020, in light of the movement to remove Confederate monuments across the country, the Sierra Club acknowledged the racism of Muir's writings and announced that it would shift towards investing in racial justice work and determine which of its monuments need to be renamed or removed. He envisioned the Yosemite area and the Sierra as pristine lands. Muir later wrote, "This affliction has driven me to the sweet fields. [clarification needed], In addition to his geologic studies, Muir also investigated the plant life of the Yosemite area. "[14]:225 As a freshman, Muir studied chemistry with Professor Ezra Carr and his wife Jeanne; they became lifelong friends and Muir developed a lasting interest in chemistry and the sciences. "His father believed that anything that distracted from Bible studies was frivolous and punishable." John Muir was born in Dunbar, Scotland, in 1838 and died in Los Angeles, California, in 1914. As a professional forester, his view was that "forestry is tree farming," without destroying the long-term viability of the forests. ... he groans over his labors, he writes and rewrites and interpolates." At one point she asked Muir to read a book she felt would influence his thinking, Lamartine's The Stonemason of Saint Point. Muir and Roosevelt set off largely by themselves and camped in the back country. They were both born the same year in Scotland and shared a love for the mountains of California. The primary reason was that Muir's father believed that the Church of Scotland was not strict enough. [5]:48 In early-March 1867, an accident changed the course of his life: a tool he was using slipped and struck him in the eye. Pinchot saw conservation as a means of managing the nation's natural resources for long-term sustainable commercial use. He moved with his family to the U.S. state of Wisconsin in 1849. But in 1867, while working at a factory, he was involved in an accident in which he was blinded for a time. 131 John Muir (1838-1914) Biography. In his book, The Story of My Boyhood and Youth (1913), he writes that during his childhood, his father made him read the Bible every day. Carr wrote Muir in return and encouraged him in his explorations and writings, eventually having an important influence over his personal goals. He also published a grouping of essays pushing for the establishment of Yosemite National Park, which was created in 1890. © 2021 Biography and the Biography logo are registered trademarks of A&E Television Networks, LLC. A 32-cent stamp issued on February 3, 1998, was part of the "Celebrate the Century" series, and showed Muir in Yosemite Valley, with the inscription "John Muir, Preservationist". For other people of the same name, see. Several books were subsequently published that collected essays and articles from various sources. Four additional books were published posthumously. He once told a visitor to his ranch there, "This is a good place to be housed in during stormy weather, ... to write in, and to raise children in, but it is not my home. He along with President Theodore Roosevelt saved millions of acres of forestland from the logger's blade. John Muir was one of the earliest advocates of the national park idea, and its most eloquent spokesman. Eventually a vote was held that overwhelmingly put the Sierra Club behind the opposition to Hetch Hetchy Dam. He was the third of eight children: Margaret, Sarah, David, Daniel, Ann and Mary (twins), and the American-born Joanna. Born April 21, 1838, in Dunbar, Scotland, John Muir is an iconic figure as an explorer, naturalist, writer, and conservationist. "Everybody needs beauty as well as bread, places to play in and pray in, where nature may heal and give strength to body and soul alike.". John Muir (/mjʊər/ MEWR; April 21, 1838 – December 24, 1914)[1] also known as "John of the Mountains" and "Father of the National Parks",[2][3] was an influential Scottish-American[4][5]:42 naturalist, author, environmental philosopher, botanist, zoologist, glaciologist, and early advocate for the preservation of wilderness in the United States of America. [104], In 2006, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum. [103], Muirite (a mineral), Erigeron muirii, Carlquistia muirii (two species of aster), Ivesia muirii (a member of the rose family), Troglodytes troglodytes muiri (a wren), Ochotona princeps muiri (a pika), Thecla muirii (a butterfly), and Amplaria muiri (a millipede) were all named after John Muir. As early as 1876, John Muir urged the federal government to adopt a forest conservation policy through articles published in popular periodicals. John Muir was born in Dunbar, Scotland, on April 21, 1838. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! He co-founded the Sierra Club, which helped establish a number of national parks after he died. According to Williams, in nature, especially in the wilderness, Muir was able to study the plants and animals in an environment that he believed "came straight from the hand of God, uncorrupted by civilization and domestication. John Stuart Mill, who has been called the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the 19th century, was a British philosopher, economist, and moral and political theorist. "[24] When Muir arrived at Cedar Key, he began working for Richard Hodgson at Hodgson's sawmill. The presidential entourage then traveled by stagecoach into the park. John Muir went into partnership with his father-in-law, Dr. John Strentzel, and for ten years directed most of his energy into managing this large fruit farm. [20]:173, Muir's friendship with Jeanne Carr had a lifelong influence on his career as a naturalist and writer. He notes that they have had a "lasting effect on American culture in helping to create the desire and will to protect and preserve wild and natural environments. Muir felt that his task was more than just recording "phenomena," but also to "illuminate the spiritual implications of those phenomena," writes Williams. John Muir - farmer, inventor, sheepherder, naturalist, explorer, writer, and conservationist - was born on April 21, 1838 in Dunbar, Scotland.

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